Integrated Science M1 Science Investigations

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What is science?What is science?
How science
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How science
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SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONSSCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS
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Integrated Science Module 1Integrated Science Module 1 Unit 1Unit 1 Lesson 1Lesson 1
Results
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What is science?What is science?
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Overview
In this slide presentation, you will examine the
processes involved in working like a scientist.
It will help you understand more about science,
how science investigations are really done and
the value and importance of science in society.
This is a necessary part of your preparation to sit
the CSEC Integrated Science examination.
You can access various subtopics in the Menu on
the LEFT of the slides.
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Introduction
For many years, you have been ‘doing science
investigations’ using what is called ‘The Scientific
Method’.
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What exactly does that mean?
What is involved or required?
How can we tell if we are doing
science investigations properly?

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What is science?What is science?
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Objectives
On completing this slide presentation, you should
be able to:
1.discuss the nature and scope of science.
2.recall various attitudes, processes and problem
solving skills involved in doing investigations in
science.
3.explain how science is investigated.
4.show appreciation for the value of science to
society.
5.use computer technology and skills to search
for information and to share ideas.
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What is Science?
Activity 1.1 – Science all around us
1. You’ve been ‘doing science’ in school…
What do you think science is all about?
Write down as many images of science, or
things that are related to or dependent on,
science, as you recognize in this video. Click >

2. Discuss with your Teacher and classmates
what science you saw and recorded from the
images in the video.
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What is Science?
Activity 1.1 – Science all around us
Question 1: Write down as many images of science as
you recognize in the video.
You might have seen images of the following:
•Volcano, Medicine, DNA strand, Space exploration which
involves overcoming gravity;
•Inter-relationships of populations of animals e.g.
Penguins;
•Digitizing a picture e.g. pixels shown;
•Reproduction –sexual shown by flowers, asexual
reproduction and genetics shown by cloning sheep;
•Nutrition/Food inter-relationships e.g. Spider eating an
insect, snake and whale;
•Disease and prevention via Vaccination
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FEEDBACK
MOREMORE

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What is Science?
Activity 1.1 – Science all around us
Feedback to Question 1: Write down as many images of
science as you recognize in the video.
You might have seen these images as well:
•Force and movement;
•Germination & Growth; Genetics;
•Weather, e.g., Lightning;
•Chemistry, e.g., Benzene rings;
•‘S & T’, e.g., Cell phones, Space crafts, Sports;
•Questions e.g. related to Ethics of cloning humans, and
Science vs. Religion issues.
•Did you also see at 2.52 some well-known scientists e.g.
Stephen Hawking, Albert Einstein and Watson and Crick?
Did you see all of the above science-related things?
Watch it again, if necessary!
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FEEDBACK

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What is Science?
You no doubt recall that science is knowledge
about all living and non-living things and the
environment in which they exist.
For convenience, we separate science into
various sub-disciplines, for example, Virology,
Astronomy, Geology, Physics.
1.Now, click this link and watch the video on
‘Branches of Science’.

.ure=related
•Were you familiar with all of those names of
sub-disciplines you saw in this video?
•Were you surprised by any of them? Why?
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What is Science? – Why study
Integrated science?
When we study Integrated Science,
we begin to understand further:
•the structure-function characteristics of
both living organisms and non-living
things;
•the inter-relationships of ‘higher’
organisms, e.g. humans and flowering
plants, with each other and with
materials (e.g., metals, acids) and the
environment;
•processes and phenomena (e.g.,
photosynthesis, force, energy
conversions, hazards) affecting living
organisms and within the environ-ment
of which we are an important part.
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What is Science?
Career Focus
• From the previous videos, you
saw that Science can be
organized into various sub-
disciplines.
• Find out about careers in any
of those science fields in
which you are interested or
which might impact the
career field you have already
decided to enter.
Note that any career in
science will require years of
study!

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What is Technology?
Discuss these questions within your group, then
share your thoughts/ideas with classmates
and your teacher.
• What is technology? How do you define it?
• Do you use technology? How? When?
• Look around – do you see evidence of
technology in this room? What are its
impact/s?
• Does technology only relate to/draw from
science alone?
Find out about technology; watch up to 1.22 at >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEvAzKQ1FUU & also
> http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/trinity/watistec.html
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What is science?
From this introductory reminder of the scope
of topics included in science, you should
realize that everything that we do and use,
every career that we select is dependent on
and impacted by science in some way!
You doubt it?
Well…. Think of anything at all that is
important to you then later, do an internet
search to try to find out its origin, its
components or what influences how it works!
You just might be surprised!You just might be surprised!
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What is Science?
Apart from knowledge of things in
various sub-disciplines, what else is
science?
From work done in previous grades, you
should recall that:
Science is also the habits of mindhabits of mind or
attitudesattitudes which enable someone to
gain new knowledge or to confirm
existing knowledge.
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Attitudes or Habits of Mind inAttitudes or Habits of Mind in
ScienceScience
1. Click/ read some ‘attitudes or habits of
mind’ we use when we ‘do science’.
http://www.homeofbob.com/glossaries/attitudes.html
2. Reflect and write in your notebook any
attitudes or habits of mind that have
helped you, so far, and which you have
used while doing science investigations.
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“Habits of Mind” refers to the development of
the attitudes, perspectives, interests and
motivation that a learner should have towards
science. Attitudes/habits are the practices that
strengthen learning.
“Habits of Mind” refers to the development of
the attitudes, perspectives, interests and
motivation that a learner should have towards
science. Attitudes/habits are the practices that
strengthen learning.

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Science as Process or Inquiry
Skills
Several processes can be used in a number of
efficient ways to think about, investigate, and
do science.
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Science is also a process – a way of problem
solving.
It is how we find out
about things using
various inquiry/
process skills.
For example, what
inquiry skill is being
used here?

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Think of at least four
other inquiry or
process skills that you
have used in science
investigations.
Processes of Science
Activity 2.2 – Processes of Science
Students on the previous slide are observing, and
using a science tool to help them to observe
better.
Observing with all the senses is the most
commonly used science process or inquiry skill .
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http://www.squidoo.com/humanbodylapbook
Click/read to recall other inquiry skills you’ve used >
http://www.exploringnature.org/db/detail.php?dbID=
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How Science reallyreally works –
The Scientific Method
The sequence of activities involved in ‘doing
science’ is often referred to as ‘The ScientificThe Scientific
MethodMethod’. This suggests that there is only one
way to carry out an investigation.
The traditional steps are to:
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1. Ask a Question
2. Do Background Research
3. Construct a Hypothesis
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing a Test or an
Experiment
5. Analyze Your Data &
6. Draw a Conclusion
7. Communicate Your Results
1. Ask a Question
2. Do Background Research
3. Construct a Hypothesis
4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing a Test or an
Experiment
5. Analyze Your Data &
6. Draw a Conclusion
7. Communicate Your Results

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How Science reallyreally works –
The Scientific Method
To see the usually indicated sequence for the
Scientific Method of investigation, check the
flow diagram at left at >
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/engineering-design-process/enginee
That way shows as a linear, stepwise set of
activities.
But, that is over-simplified, rigid and fails to
accurately portray how science really works!
As you go through various activities, you will
hopefully realize that there is not just one
Scientific Method, but many accepted
“scientific methodologies”.
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How Science reallyreally works
Activity 3.1 – The process of scientific inquiry
1. Work in your group. Click open >
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/images/flowchart_35.pdf
2. Read the elements (in the coloured circles)
and discuss the contents of each area within
your group.
3. From the arrows, note that science really
works as a repetitive, inter-related set of
processes.
4. Testing ideas is at the core of science
investigations! What is involved in Testing
Ideas?
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How Science reallyreally works
Activity 3.1 – The process of scientific inquiry
Question 4: What is involved in Testing Ideas?
Testing ideas in scienceTesting ideas in science involves:
1.Gathering data;
2.Interpreting observations;
3.Coming up with explanations;
4.Revising after more observations.
These require using science inquiry skills, various
equipment and having good attitudes/habits of mind.
Note: Gathering data to test ideas in science involves
proposing aproposing a testable hypothesis.testable hypothesis.
AA hypothesishypothesis is a potential explanation for , oris a potential explanation for , or
idea about, phenomena that we observe in the naturalidea about, phenomena that we observe in the natural
world. It is not just an arbitrary or careless guess!!world. It is not just an arbitrary or careless guess!!
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FEEDBACK

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How Science reallyreally works
Activity 3.1b – How do we Test Ideas in Science?
1. Explain to your teacher: What do you do to test an
idea in science?
2. Click in the box below to type your responses. Note.
You can only type and edit in Slide Show view.
3. Share and compare your ideas within your group.
4. Click the CHECK button for feedback.
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CHECKCHECK

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How Science reallyreally works
Activity 3.1b –What do you do to Test Ideas in
Science?
What do you do to test an idea in science?
To test an idea, we develop a scientific argument.
(Note: An argument (e.g. used by lawyers and scientists) is
an evidence-based line of reasoning ….. It is neither a
quarrel nor a disagreement between people!!)
Scientific arguments are composed of:
1. the ideaidea , stated as a hypothesis (could be a theory);
2. expectationsexpectations (predictions) generated by that idea;
3. the actual observationsobservations or evidence, relevant to those
expectations.
Scientific arguments generally follow this
sequence:
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How Science reallyreally works
Example of a Scientific Argument
Modified from: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/coreofscience_01
Idea/Hypothesis
Idea: Life is built
from cells
Expectation/Prediction
We expect to observe
cells under the
microscope
Evidence
We actually do
observe cells under
the microscope
ANIMATEANIMATE
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The Results of a Scientific Argument
In scientific arguments, the actual test results
are very important! WHY? Well, because….
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A. The results of investigations can supportsupport a hypothesis.
B. The results of investigations can refuterefute a hypothesis.
Adapted from: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_06
Expected
Results /
Observations
Expected
Results /
Observations
Actual
Results
/Observations
Actual
Results
/Observations
Lends
Support
Lends
Support=
ANIMATEANIMATE
Expected
Results /
Observations
Expected
Results /
Observations
Actual
Results
/Observations
Actual
Results
/Observations
Helps
Refute
Helps
Refute=

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How science reallyreally works
But the process of science
investigations can have
these elements that
comprise the scientific
argument assembled in
several orders.
Go to the next slide and
click the OPTION buttons to
see the various sequencing
of the elements.
Photo Source: http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_07

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Assembling a Scientific Argument
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OPTION 1OPTION 1 OPTION 2OPTION 2

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How Science reallyreally works
Sometimes, the steps are carried out in a
different order than what you know as ‘the
scientific method’. For example: Robert Hooke
made the first observations of ‘cells’ in the
1600s, but… cell theory was not formulated until
200 years later! So, the sequence was:
Observation Evidence Hypothesis Theory.
Note: The Idea/Hypothesis came AFTERAFTER the
Observations & Evidence inspiring ‘Cell Theory’.
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/coreofscience_01
Watch >
http://cbse-notes.blogspot.com/2012/04/class-9-ch5-cellfunda

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How Science reallyreally works –
Safety while working in scienceSafety while working in science
A hazardhazard is anything that can cause harm.
Watch, read and listen to this song >
http://teacherweb.com/CA/Assumption/science/Lab-Safety-Power-Point.pdf
Check if you understood from the song the things
in this video, from >

Look around the lab for Safety or Hazard signsSafety or Hazard signs..
In your group write five Safety Rules for the lab.
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Feedback: Check them with these guidelines.
http://web.archive.org/web/20071011004030/http://
sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/safety_guidelines.htm
CHECKCHECK

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How Science reallyreally works
Using Variables in Science Investigations
Scientists try to find out cause and effect
relationships. They predict then try to find out
the effect of change to one factor or condition.
The changing factor/condition is a variable.
There are usually 3 kinds of variables:
1.Independent Variable = What I change in the
investigation and there should be only one, at a time.
2.Dependent Variable = What I observe to see if and how
it responds to changes in the Independent Variable/s and
should be measureable.
3.Controlled Variable = What I keep the same or constant.
Source: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_variables.shtml

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Using Variables in Science Investigations
Activity 3.2
1. In the rectangle below, type your answer to the
following question: How can we ensure a ‘fair test’ in
science?
Note: You can only type and edit in Slide Show mode.
2. Click the CHECK button for feedback.
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Source : http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/intro.htm
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Using Variables in Science Investigations
Activity 3.2
1. Keep the control variable constant.
RememberRemember: The control variable should be kept
constant throughout the investigation.
2. Change only the independent variable.
RememberRemember: The independent variable is what you
change or choose to observe during the investigation.
3. Ensure reliability and validity in what you do.
RememberRemember: It is reliable if others can repeat it and get
the same results. It has validity if every other variable
except the independent variable was kept constant
throughout.
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Source: http://www.footprints-science.co.uk/intro.htm
Question: How can we ensure a ‘fair test’ in science?
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Questions to ask while doing
Science Investigations
1. What would we expect to observe
if this idea were true (i.e., what is our
expected observation/hypothesis).
2. What do we actually observe?
3. Do our expectations match our
observations? This = evidence.
4. Is our hypothesis supported or refuted?
5. What conclusions can we draw?
Look at the ‘Science Checklist’ at >
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/whati
sscience_04
Then do Worksheet 1.1 in your SIM.

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Science, Technology andScience, Technology and
SocietySociety
1. Does science affect youyou? me? our society?
How? When?
2. Does science matter to anyone at all? Why?
3. Click to watch this video >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=5171aZhB9d8&feature=related (Science in
our daily life)
4. Share your views on whether or not science
impacts our life in any way.
5. Check out various technologies from 1.22 at >
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sEvAzKQ1FUU

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QUIZ
1. Are you ready to test yourself?
2. There are four multiple choice (M.C.) items that you
are required to do.
3. For each item, click on the letter of the correct
response and then click the button ‘FEEDBACK’ for
information on the options.
4. Click the button ‘NEXT QUESTION’ to continue.
5. Click the Begin Quiz button below to start the quiz!
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BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!BEGIN QUIZ!

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QUIZ: Question 1
Click the letter that shows the statement or phrase
which most correctly completes this statement:
Science is …
B. absolute and unchanging.B. absolute and unchanging.
D. only done by old, white men with beards.D. only done by old, white men with beards.
C. just a collection of facts about living organisms
and how they inter-relate.
C. just a collection of facts about living organisms
and how they inter-relate.
A. the use of process skills and the habits of
mind which help to build knowledge.
A. the use of process skills and the habits of
mind which help to build knowledge.
FEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACKFEEDBACK

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QUIZ: Question 1
Feedback to Question 1 – “Science is ….”
A. Yes! Science is using process or inquiry skills – i.e. a way of
problem solving, and it is from those processes that knowledge is
acquired and built. The process or inquiry skills include carrying out
tests in which observing, making hypotheses, testing and
investigating are utilized and various habits of mind developed and
used so as to acquire new knowledge.
B. If the results of tests/investigations do not support hypotheses, then new
knowledge is acquired, which could mean changing previously held ideas. So,
science is not absolute and unchanging.
C. Science is not just a collection of facts like what you might see in your textbook!
That is a record of what has been found out. Science is both a body of
knowledge and the processes for investigating and finding out or building that
knowledge. And, science is concerned with living and non-living phenomena in
the world.
D. Science is done by everyone constantly, in various problem-solving activities
that we perform daily. Carry out the Challenge Area activity in your SIM to learn
about some of the persons who are scientists.
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
37
QUIZ: Question 2
Click the letter that shows the statement or phrase which
most correctly completes this statement:
Because it has been tested, scientific knowledge
A. can disprove religious ideas.A. can disprove religious ideas.
B. stops any further research.B. stops any further research.
C. is vigorous.C. is vigorous.
D. is reliable.D. is reliable.
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
QUIZ: Question 2
Feedback to Question 2
“Because it has been tested, scientific knowledge …”
A. Science is concerned exclusively with the natural world; it does not
deal with supernatural forces, beliefs, explanations etc in which
most religious idea are grounded. So, science cannot disprove nor
prove religious ideas.
B. Science research work is ongoing. The answer to one scientific
question often leads to additional questions that are then
investigated/researched.
C. It is incorrect to say that Scientific knowledge is ‘vigorous’; the word
is being used incorrectly. What we generally say is that the tests
and investigations are rigorous i.e. they are done in a
comprehensive, thorough and complete way, leaving no room for
inconsistencies or doubt. The evidence/results from investigations
must be valid, and must be accepted even when/if the hypotheses
are not supported by the results.
D. Yes! Science is reliable.
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
39
QUIZ: Question 3
A. Science works only with testable ideas.A. Science works only with testable ideas.
D. Science is both a body of knowledge and the process
for building that knowledge.
D. Science is both a body of knowledge and the process
for building that knowledge.
C. Science aims to build coherent explanations of the
natural world.
C. Science aims to build coherent explanations of the
natural world.
B. Science helps us to make moral and aesthetic
judgments and draw conclusions about the
supernatural.
B. Science helps us to make moral and aesthetic
judgments and draw conclusions about the
supernatural.
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Click the letter that shows the statement or phrase
which most correctly completes this statement:
All of the statements below about science are
true EXCEPT for

ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
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IntroductionIntroduction
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Science, Technology &
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mind
Process or
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QUIZ: Question 3
If you selected Statement B, you are correct.
Statement B is not true! Moral and aesthetic
judgments, decisions about applications of
science, and conclusions about the supernatural
are entirely outside the realm of science. Science
focuses only on natural phenomena and
processes, and works only with testable ideas.
Statements A, C and D about science are all
correct.
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
41
QUIZ: Question 4
Click the letter that shows the statement or phrase which
most correctly completes this statement:
Hypotheses are
A. only inspired by research work that you plan to do.A. only inspired by research work that you plan to do.
D. the same things as theories.D. the same things as theories.
B. always a good guess about something that we
observe happening.
B. always a good guess about something that we
observe happening.
C. potential explanations for what we observe in the
natural world.
C. potential explanations for what we observe in the
natural world.
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
Quiz: Question 4
Feedback to Question 4 – “Hypotheses are …”
A. To say that: Hypotheses are only inspired by research
work that you plan to do is incorrect. Hypotheses are
usually inspired and informed by previous research
and/or observations
B. Hypotheses are not simply good guesses, because they
are informed by previous research and/or observations.
D. Hypotheses are proposed explanations for a narrow set
of phenomena that we observe in the natural world,
while theories are powerful explanations for a wide
range of phenomena.
42NEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTIONNEXT QUESTION
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
REVIEW QUESTION: Evidence vs
Inference in science investigations
43
Evidence is the set of
facts that are observed
and gathered as the
results of investigations
It represents things as
they actually are.
Inference is what we do
to make sense of the
evidence/s we have.
http://schools.utah.gov/arc/curr/grade8scienceoer.pdf
http://www.fotosearch.com/FSD357/x24712145/
In this picture, what is the evidence?
What inference do you make?
Use the evidence and your inference to write a
hypothesis you could test. Read it aloud.

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What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
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Science, Technology &
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XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
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End of Activity
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ObjectivesObjectives
What is science?What is science?
How science
really works
How science
really works
IntroductionIntroduction
Science, Technology &
Society
Science, Technology &
Society
XX
INVESTIGATIONS
Habits of the
mind
Process or
Inquiry Skills
45
CREDITS
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/index.php
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/teaching/allgoals.php
http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/scienceflowchart
(Interactive flow chart)
http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/project_variables.shtml (Variables)

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